Sox-based kinase sensor

ABSTRACT

Peptidyl sensors comprise a metal-binding peptide and one or two kinase recognition sequences with a hydroxyamino acid that can be phosphorylated in the presence of a kinase.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Sox-based kinase sensor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides sensors to monitor protein kinase activity continuously with a fluorescent readout. The sensor requires minimal perturbation of a protein kinase peptide substrate. The fluorescence response with respect to time over the course of the reaction corresponds to enzyme activity. The sensor of the present invention can be used in high-throughput screening of inhibitors or substrates, detection of activity in cell extracts or enzyme purifications, spatial or temporal localization of kinase activity in a cell, and elucidation of complicated signal transduction pathways.

Protein kinases are involved in all aspects of regulation within cells. A protein kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue in a peptide or protein sequence. Each kinase is specific for the amino acids surrounding the residue to be phosphorylated. The traditional method for assaying kinase activity is discontinuous and requires ³²P-labelled ATP, which requires special handling. Many companies market specialized fluorescent kinase assay systems, all of which are discontinuous, requiring sampling of the reaction mixture followed by additional handling steps to label the product of the reaction with a fluorescent moiety (e.g., Promega, Panvera, Calbiochem, Cell Signaling Technology, Molecular Devices, DiscoveRx, Upstate, PerkinElmer). A continuous fluorescent assay that can be performed in real time is of great utility. Currently, few examples of sensors capable of such assays exist. Approaches include: environment-sensitive fluorophores near the phosphorylation site (Wright, D. E. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1981, 78, 6048-6050; McIlroy, B. K. et al. Anal. Biochem. 1991, 195, 148-152; Higashi, H. et al. FEBS Lett. 1997, 414, 55-60; Post, P. L. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 12880-12887), FRET pairs flanking a sequence which undergoes a conformational change upon phosphorylation (Nagai, Y. et al. Nat. Biotech. 2000, 18, 313-316; Ohuchi, Y. et al. Analyst 2000, 125, 1905-1907; Zhang, J. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 14997-15002; Ting, A. Y. et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 15003-15008; Hofmann, R. M. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2001, 11, 3091-3094; Kurokawa, K. at el. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 31305-31310; Sato, M. et al. Nat. Biotech. 2002, 20, 287-294; Violin, J. D. et al. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 161, 899-909), or Ca²⁺ chelation between the phosphate and internal chelator causing disruption of PET-quenching (Chen, C.-A.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 3840-3841). A majority of these sensors have very modest fluorescence increases or sometimes decreases, with the notable exception of 1.5-2.5-fold increases in the probes reported by Lawrence and coworkers (Chen 2002, supra; Yeh, R.-H.; et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 11527-11532; Wang, Q.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 1808-1809). However, these types of probes, with fluorophores adjacent to the phosphorylated residue or very large fluorophores, may interfere with their recognition by and reactivity with certain kinases.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0080243 disclosed linear Sox peptide sensors that include a metal binding amino acid residue and a kinase recognition sequence with a hydroxyamino acid that can be phosphorylated in the presence of a kinase. The metal-binding amino acid residue is located on either side (N-terminally or C-terminally) of the hydroxyamino acid and is preferably separated from that recognition sequence by a peptide that is capable of assuming a β-turn conformation (“a β-turn sequence”). In some cases, the β-turn sequence is separated from the hydroxyamino acid by another amino acid.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel metal binding compounds of the formulae (I) to (XII) that exhibit chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) upon binding to Mg²⁺.

The present invention further provides peptidyl sensors which include a metal-binding peptide of the present invention and at least one kinase recognition sequence with a hydroxyamino acid that can be phosphorylated in the presence of a kinase. The peptide sensors detect sulfation of a hydroxyamino acid as well.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a Sox-based kinase sensor.

FIG. 2 is a plot of the reaction slope vs. PKC isozymes with 1 μM substrate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides metal binding compounds that are useful in building sensors containing kinase-recognition motifs for detecting kinase activity. Sensors in accordance with the present invention are illustrated in FIG. 1. The sensors comprise a metal binding site, a phosphorylation site and at least one kinase recognition motif.

Definitions

The term “hydroxy” means the —OH group.

The term “amino” means the —NR′R″ group, where R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or alkyl.

The term “thiol” means the —SR′ group, where R′ is hydrogen.

The term “halogen” means a chlorine, bromine, iodine, or fluorine atom.

The term “alkyl” means a hydrocarbon group that may be linear, cyclic, or branched or a combination thereof having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C₁₋₈ means one to eight carbon atoms). Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, etc. Alkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated. Examples of substituted alkyl groups include haloalkyl, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, and the like.

The term “aryl” means a polyunsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbon group having a single ring (monocyclic) or multiple rings (bicyclic or polycyclic), which can be fused together or linked covalently. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthalene-1-yl, naphthalene-2-yl, biphenyl and the like. Aryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated.

The term “heteroaryl” means an aromatic group containing at least one heteroatom, where the heteroaryl group may be monocyclic or bicyclic. Examples include pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, benzotriazinyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, isobenzofuryl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzotriazinyl, thienopyridinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, imidazopyridines, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, pteridinyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, furyl or thienyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic”, which are synonymous as used herein, means a saturated or unsaturated ring containing at least one heteroatom (typically 1 to 5 heteroatoms) selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The heterocyclyl ring may be monocyclic or bicyclic. Examples of heterocycle groups include pyrrolidine, piperidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, butyrolactam, valerolactam, imidazolidinone, hydantoin, dioxolane, phthalimide, piperidine, 1,4-dioxane, morpholine, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine-5-oxide, thiomorpholine-S,S-dioxide, piperazine, pyran, pyridone, 3-pyrroline, thiopyran, pyrone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, quinuclidine and the like.

The term “electron-withdrawing group” means a group which causes a dipole moment in the direction of the group. Suitable electron-withdrawing groups include but are not limited to halo (preferably chloro), haloalkyl (preferably trifluoromethyl), nitro, cyano, sulfonamido, sulfone, and sulfoxide.

The term “ring” means a compound whose atoms are arranged in formulas in a cyclic form. The ring compound can be either carbocyclic or heterocyclic.

The term “carbocyclic” means a ring composed exclusively of carbon atoms.

The term “substituent” means an atom or a group that replaces another atom or group in a molecule.

The term “N-terminal protecting group” refers to a group that prevents undesirable reaction of the amino functional group during subsequent transformations, and includes, but is not limited to, benzyl, substituted benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), trityl, N-veratyloxycarbonyl (N-Voc), N-allyloxycarbonyl (N-Alloc) and N-pentenoyl (N-Pent).

The term “C-terminal protecting group” refers to a group that prevents undesirable reaction of the carboxyl functional group and includes, but is not limited to, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl (e.g., tert-butyl) and C₁₋₁₂ haloalkyl.

The term “chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF)” means fluorescence enhancement of a compound as a result of metal ion binding (chelation) to that compound.

The term “capping group” means a chemical group connected to the N- or C-terminus of a peptide to prevent the peptide from degrading.

Compounds

The compounds of the present invention contain a metal binding moiety. The compounds are generally referred to as “Sox” compounds.

In one embodiment, the metal binding compound of the present invention has the formula (I):

where R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol;

-   -   R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, an         electron-withdrawing group, or —SO₂X; or where R² and R³         together with the carbon atoms, which they substitute form a 5-         or 6-membered ring;     -   each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group         or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring         within structure (I);     -   X is —OR′ or —NR′R″;     -   Y is halogen (preferably —Br or —Cl), —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or         —CO₂H;     -   R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl or an N-protecting group;     -   n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and     -   m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7,         wherein at least one of R², R³ or R⁴ is —SO₂X and at least         another one of R², R³ or R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.

In another embodiment, the metal-binding compound of the present invention has the formula (VIII):

where R⁵ is hydrogen or —NR′R′″;

-   -   R⁶ is —OH, —NR′R″, or —H;     -   p is 1, 2 or 3;     -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R′, R″, R′″ and m are as defined in formula (I).

In one preferred embodiment, the metal-binding compound is of the formula (IV):

Where R⁴, m, n and Y are as defined in formula (I).

In formula (I) and (VIII), R² and R³ together with the carbons which they substitute can form a ring. When R² and R³ form a ring, the metal binding compound can contain a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring compound or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic ring compound. Preferably, R² and R³ form a 5- or 6-N-containing heterocyclic ring.

In a preferred embodiment, the metal-binding compound can have the formula (V) or (X):

where Z is a —CH— or —N—; R¹, R⁴, X, R⁵, R⁶, R′ R″, R′″, Y, m, n and p areas described above for formula (I) and (VIII), and

wherein at least one R⁴ is —SO₂X.

In formula (I), (IV) and (V), Y is preferably halogen.

In the various embodiments described above, R¹ is preferably —OH. X is preferably —NR′R′″ (more preferably —NMe₂). m is preferably 1. n is preferably 0, 1 or 2 (more preferably 0 or 1). p is preferably 1, 2 or 3. At least one R⁴ is preferably present para to R¹. R⁴ is preferably —SO₂X.

In formula (VIII) and (X), R⁵ is preferably —NHR′″ (more preferably NH-Fmoc). R⁶ is preferably —OH.

In the various embodiments described above, the electron-withdrawing group can be alkyl, halogen, —NR^(i)R^(ii), —OR^(i), —SR^(i), —CN, —NO₂, ═O, —OC(O)R^(i), —C(O)R^(i), —C(O)NR^(i)R^(ii), —OC(O)NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(ii)C(O)R^(i), —NR^(i)C(O)NR^(iii)R^(ii), —CO₂R^(i), —NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(ii)CO₂R^(i), —SR^(i), —S(O)R^(i), —S(O)₂R^(i), —S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(ii), unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, wherein R^(i), R^(ii) and R^(iii) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

The metal-binding compounds of the present invention undergo chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) upon binding to Mg²⁺. The fluorescence of the amino acid residues in accordance with the present invention increase by at least about 100%, preferably by at least about 400%, more preferably by at least about 800%, when bound to Mg²⁺.

Peptides

The metal-binding compounds, such as formulae (VIII) and (X), can be formed into peptides using standard peptide synthesis (solid phase or solution phase). Standard peptide synthesis is well-known in the art. See, for example, Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis—A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, 2003, Eds W. C. Chan and P. D. White (ISBN 0 19 963 724 5); and The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, Jones, J. (ISBN 0 19 855839 2).

When the SOX compounds are coupled to peptide after synthesis, the peptide is first synthesized and protecting groups on the side chains of the peptide are selectively removed. Then the metal binding SOX compounds, such as formulae (I), can be coupled to the side chains of formed peptides using standard coupling methods. For example, when Y is halogen, the compound can be coupled to a residue containing a thiol group in its side chain (such as Cys), forming a thioether linkage. Alternatively, when Y is an amine, it can be coupled to a residue containing a carboxylic acid in its side chain (such as Asp or Glu), forming an amide linkage. Alternatively, when Y is thiol, it can be coupled to a residue containing a thiol group in its side chain (such as Cys), forming a disulfide linkage. Alternatively, when Y is a carboxylic acid, it can be coupled to a residue containing an amine in its side chain. The SOX-containing peptide is then deprotected and purified. Alternatively, when Y is an aldehyde, it can be coupled to a residue containing amine via reductive amination. Alternatively, a building block containing the SOX residue can be synthesized (i.e., see example section) and incorporated using standard peptide synthesis steps.

Selective deprotection of amino acids is well known in the art. A preferred method is to use orthogonal side-chain protection such as allyl (OAll) (for the carboxyl group in the side chain of glutamic acid or aspartic acid, for example), allyloxy carbonyl (Alloc) (for the amino nitrogen in the side chain of lysine or ornithine, for example), p-methoxytrityl (MMT) or acetamidomethyl (Acm) (for the sulfhydryl of cysteine). OAll and Alloc are easily removed by Pd, Acm is easily removed by iodine treatment, and MMT is easily removed by very mild acid treatment.

The metal binding compounds of the present invention are preferably within −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 residues from the kinase recognition sequence (Negative (−) positions indicate the compound is located on the N-terminal side of the kinase recognition sequence. Positive (+) positions indicate the compound is located on the C-terminal side of the kinase recognition sequence). In some cases the metal binding compounds may be located further from the kinase recognition sequence.

Phosphorylation sites in accordance with the present invention include hydroxyl-containing amino acids within kinase recognition motifs. Examples include naturally occurring hydroxyl-containing amino acid residues, such as serine, threonine and tyrosine, and non-naturally occurring hydroxyl-containing amino acid residues.

Any kinase recognition motif known in the art can be used in accordance with the present invention. Recognition sequences with acidic residues may show a lesser magnitude of fluorescence increase upon phosphorylation than comparable sequences, as the affinity of the unphosphorylated peptide for Mg²⁺ increases under basic conditions. Examples of recognition motifs that can be monitored for phosphorylation using the metal binding peptides of the present invention are shown in Table I:

TABLE I Examples of kinase recognition sequences Kinase recognition motif Protein kinase C (PKC) -Ser/Thr-Phe-Arg—Arg—Arg- cyclic-AMP dependent kinase (PKA) -Leu-Arg—Arg-Ala-Ser/Thr-Leu- Abelson kinase (Abl) -Ile-Tyr-Ala—Ala-Pro-Phe- *The underlined residues are the phosporylation sites.

A list of other peptides that can be phosphorylated (and the corresponding kinases) is found in Table I of Pinna & Donella-Deana, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1222: 415-431 (1994); incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Another list can be found at online at www.neb.com/neb/tech/tech_resource/protein tools/substraye_recognition.html (a copy of this website as it existed on Sep. 26, 2003 is provided in an information disclosure statement submitted concurrently with this application; and is incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The peptide sensors according to the present invention have at least one kinase recognition sequence. In some cases, the residues on one side of the side chain to be phosphorylated are more important, however, it is clear that more residues might confer additional specificity. This specificity could play an important role in any assays that assess kinases in complex media, in particular in live cells or cell lysates where all cellular enzymes have the potential to interact with the substrate peptide. Added recognition elements can target the sensor more specifically to the desired kinase in competitive assays where several different kinases or isozymes of one kinase are present.

Assays

Fluorescence of the peptides is measured in the presence and absence of the Mg²⁺. The reporter functionality is the unnatural Sox chromophore that undergoes chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) upon metal binding. The Mg²⁺ affinity of the chemosensors is low (K_(D)=100-300 mM) when the phosphate group is not present, while phosphorylation significantly increases Mg²⁺ affinity (K_(D)=0.1-20 mM). Thus, at a selected Mg²⁺ concentration, a large portion of phosphopeptide exists in the bound, fluorescent state. In the presence of saturated MgCl₂, the Sox peptides exhibit a maximum emission at 485 nm with a maximum excitation at 360 nm. In addition, these peptides maintain striking luminescence properties of the fluorophore. The extinction coefficient and quantum yield values for representative chemosensor-Mg²⁺ complexes are determined following quantitative amino acid analysis.

To solve for enzyme kinetic parameters for this reaction, determination of the initial rate of product formation from the increase in fluorescence intensity is necessary. With this sensor, a correction for the decrease in fluorescence intensity due to the starting material being consumed is needed to determine the rate of product formation from the initial slope. The fluorescence intensity at any given point can be determined from the following equation:

I(t)=f _(S) S(t)+f _(P) P(t)  (1)

where I(t) is the fluorescence intensity, S(t) is the amount of substrate in μM, P(t) is the amount of product in μM, f_(S) is the fluorescence intensity per μM of substrate, and f_(P) is fluorescence intensity per μM of product. The amount of substrate and product at any given point are related by:

S(t)+P(t)=S ₀  (2)

where S₀ is the initial amount of substrate. Substitution of (2) into (1) followed by rearrangement, yields:

$\begin{matrix} {{P(t)} = \frac{{I(t)} - {f_{S}S_{0}}}{f_{P} - f_{S}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

The initial velocity of the reaction is the change in the amount of product over time, so taking the derivative of (3) with respect to time gives:

$\begin{matrix} {v = {\frac{{P(t)}}{t} = \frac{\frac{{I(t)}}{t}}{f_{P} - f_{S}}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

The initial slope of the reaction, dI(t)/dt, was measured within the first 5% of substrate turnover. The constants f_(P) and f_(S) were calculated from the slope of a line of fluorescence intensity versus concentration of P and S, respectively. A linear fit of a Hanes plot ([S]/V vs. V) was used to find K_(m) and V_(max).

The sensors of the present invention can be used in a method for detecting kinase activity. The method of the present invention comprises providing a sensor comprising one or two kinase recognition motifs containing a phosphorylation site, and a metal binding peptide comprising an amino acid residue, the side chain of which is modified with a compound of formula (I); contacting the sensor with a sample comprising Mg²⁺, a phosphate source (eg ATP), and a kinase; and analyzing for the presence of a phosphorylated peptide product.

The method of the present invention can be used in vitro or in vivo. For in vitro applications, the reaction is typically conducted in a buffer containing Mg²⁺ and a phosphate source. Suitable buffers include HEPES and TRIS. A preferred Mg²⁺ source is MgCl₂. A preferred phosphate source is ATP.

Serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases can be used in the present invention. Exemplary Ser/Thr kinases include cAMP dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, Ca/calmodulin-dependent kinases, AMP activated kinase, s6 kinases, eIF-2 kinases, p34^(cdc2) protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases, casein kinase-2, casein kinase-1, glycogen synthase kinase-3, AURORA, Akt, Erk, Jnk, CDK2, and exemplary Tyr-specific protein kinases include Src Abl, insulin receptor kinase and EGFR.

For in vitro applications, the concentration of kinase can range from about 0.5 nM to about 1 μM, typically not more than about 500 nM, and preferably not more than about 250 nM. The concentrations of sensor can vary, but usually ranges between about 0.01 μM to 0.1 mM. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is the preferred source of phosphate, in stock solutions of about 10-100 mM. Because most kinases have K_(m) values for ATP in the range of about 10-150 μM, saturating concentrations of ATP are used to arrive at values of K_(m) and V_(max) for the substrates. For in vivo applications, when the sensor is internalized into a cell, sufficient kinases, Mg²⁺ and phosphate sources exist in the cytosol. For in vivo sensing, a cellular internalization sequence can be included in the sensor design. Suitable cellular internalization sequences include Penetratins, HIV-Tat domains and poly-arginine sequences (Lindgren, M. et al. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2000, 21, 99-103; Wadia, J. S. et al. Curr Opin. Biotech. 2002, 13, 52-56; Carrigan, C. N. Analyt. Biochem. 2005, 341, 290-298).

For applications in which the kinase is dependent on cofactors, a source of cofactor is also included in the sample. For example, for PKC, sources of Ca²⁺, phospholipid and diacylglycerol are needed.

The sensors of the present invention can be used to measure a kinase reaction continuously, as the metal-binding amino acid residues do not experience photobleaching.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis of Compounds:

The metal-binding compounds can be prepared based on the Skraup quinoline synthesis, the modified Friedlander quinoline synthesis, or the cyclization of ortho-2,4-dinitrophenyloxime derivatives with NaH and DDQ.

With the Skraup quinoline synthetic approach, 2-amino-naphthalen-1-ol (6) is treated with but-2-enal under acidic conditions to give the desired extended three-ring system (7). Protection of the phenol moiety as a methoxy group can be performed to facilitate cyclization. Alternatively, the extended three-ring system (7) can also be obtained by Route B, in which 2-amino-naphthalen-1-ol (6) is mesylated and condensed with but-2-enal, which then undergoes cyclization upon acid treatment to give 10. Aromatization and deprotection of the mesyl group is then effected to give 7. The extended quinoline ring system is then subjected to installation of the sulfonamide moiety to give the extended linear Sox chromophore analogue 8. An extended linear Sox chromophore analogue 14 possessing an additional chelating functionality is prepared from commercially available 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (11) is shown in route C (Scheme 2).

With the Friedlander quinoline synthesis approach, protection of the phenol group of commercially available 2-amino-naphthalen-1-ol (6) with methyl iodide is first effected to give the methoxy derivative 15. Protection of the aniline group with di-tert-butyldicarbonate is then followed to give the amide 16. Tert-butyloxycarbonyl directed lithiation of 16, alkylation with dimethylformamide and subsequent tert-butyloxycarbonyl deprotection with TFA result in the ortho-aminobenzaldehyde derivative 18. Once aldehyde 18 is obtained, cyclization with acetone is accomplished either by treatment with ZnCl₂ or with Bi(OTf)₃ to give the extended quinoline ring system 19. Deprotection of the methoxy group with BBr₃, followed by installation of the sulfonamide moiety as previously described, successfully affords the extended Sox quinoline analogue system 8.

Once the three-ring chromophores are synthesized, protection of the extended 8-hydroxyquinoline (8) as the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether is followed by a three-step procedure to afford the bromomethyl derivative (21). Asymmetric alkylation of 21 with tert-butyl ester 22 gives the respective Sox-modified amino acid 23, which can then be converted to the Fmoc derivative 24.

Synthesis of the Peptides:

The sensor peptides are synthesized via standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) based on the optimal PKC_(α) peptide substrate selected from the literature (RRRKGS*FRRKA, K_(M)=3.8 μM). The peptides are synthesized containing a Cys residue with an orthogonal protecting group that is preferentially removed on resin allowing for alkylation of the sulfhydryl side chain with Sox-Br (Scheme 5).

Alternatively, a building block can be synthesized and the Fmoc-protected SOX-modified cysteine residue (Fmoc-Cys(Sox)-OH) is introduced to a peptide using standard peptide synthesis techniques.

Characterization of Peptides:

Upon completion of the synthesis, peptides were cleaved and globally deprotected according to standard procedures for Fmoc-based peptide synthesis (referenced earlier), were subjected to HPLC purification and their mass was confirmed using either the ESI (Electrospray Ionization) or MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight) mass spectrometers (Table III). (a) For all peptides except for PKCα-S10 and P10 a reverse-phase preparatory C18 column was used with the flow rate of 15 ml/min. Solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% v/v TFA; solvent B: CH₃CN with 0.1% v/v TFA. The run was started at 5% B (over 5 min.) and increased linearly to 50% B (over 30 min), followed by an increase to 95% B (over 1 min.) and was kept at 95% B (5 min.). For PKCα-S10 and P10, the run was started at 5% B (5 min.), increased to 15% B (1 min), followed by a linear increase to 30% B (30 min.). (b) For all peptides except for PKCα-S10 and P10 a reverse-phase analytical C18 column was used with the flow rate of 1 ml/min. Solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% v/v TFA; Solvent B CH₃CN with 0.1% v/v TFA. The run was started at 5% B (over 5 min.) and increased linearly to 95% B (over 30 min) and was kept at 95% B (5 min.). For PKCα-S10 and P10, the run was started at 5% B (5 min.), increased to 15% B (1 min), followed by a linear increase to 30% B (30 min.). (c) ESI-MS data was collected on a PE Biosystems Mariner mass spectrometer for all peptides.

TABLE III HPLC, MS Characterization Data for PKC Peptides. Prep. Anal. HPLC HPLC Ret. Ret. Time [M + xH]^(x+) [M + H]⁺ Name Peptide Sequence Mol. Formula Time (min)^(a) (min)^(b) Calc. found^(c) PKC_(α)-S10 Ac-RRR-C(Sox)-ASFRRKA-CONH₂ C₇₁H₁₁₈N₃₀O₁₆S₂ 21.3 25.8 428.7(+4) 429.3 PKC_(α)-P10 Ac-RRR-C(Sox)-ApSFRRKA-CONH₂ C₇₁H₁₁₉N₃₀O₁₉PS₂ 23.7 22.9 448.7(+4) 449.4 PKC_(βI)-S1 Ac-LKR-C(Sox)-ASFKKFA-CONH₂ C₇₄H₁₁₄N₂₀O₁₆S₂ 26.1 24.9 535.4(+3) 535.3 PKC_(βI)-P1 Ac-LKR-C(Sox)-ApSFKKFA-CONH₂ C₇₄H₁₁₅N₂₀O₁₉PS₂ — 23.4 562.0(+3) 561.9 PKC_(δ)-S1 Ac-RKRKGSF-C(Sox)-YGG-CONH₂ C₆₈H₁₀₂N₂₂O₁₇S₂ 24.1 23.3 521.9(+3) 521.9 PKC_(δ)-P1 Ac-RKRKGpSF-C(Sox)-YGG-CONH₂ C₆₈H₁₀₃N₂₂O₂₀PS₂ 23.3 22.1 548.6(+3) 548.6

Stock Solutions:

Due to the affinity of the phosphorylated peptides for Zn²⁺, the reagents with the highest purity and lowest metal content were used to avoid the necessity of removing metal ion impurities after preparations.

All stock solutions were prepared prior to the day of the assay and stored at room temperature unless otherwise indicated.

Fluorescence Experiments:

Fluorescence experiments were performed on a Fluoromax 3 from Jobin Yvon. 5 nm emission and excitation slit widths were used. For all experiments, an excitation wavelength of 360 nm was used. Enzyme assays were performed by monitoring emission at 485 nm.

Spectral Comparison of Phosphorylated and Unphosphorylated Peptides:

After peptide characterization, emission spectra were obtained for unphosphorylated and phosphorylated peptides under appropriate conditions. The spectra were generally acquired in the presence of 10 mM Mg²⁺ (although lower Mg²⁺ concentrations can and have been used as well) and either 0, 0.1 or 1 mM ATP in a preselected buffer (usually 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Relying on the emission spectra the fold fluorescence differences were measured by dividing the fluorescence intensity of the phosphopeptide by the fluorescence intensity of its unphosphorylated counterpart at 485 nm. FIG. 2 depicts the fluorescence spectra of the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated peptides in the appropriate assay mixture: (A) emissions scans of PKC_(βI)-1 (10 μM), 10 mM Mg(II), 3×; (B) emissions scans of PKC_(βI)-1 (10 μM), 10 mM Mg(II), 0 mM ATP, 3×; (C) fluorescence difference for PKC_(βI)-1 (10 μM), 10 mM Mg(II), 3×.

Biophysical and Kinetic Properties of the Sensors:

While the biophysical properties of a “linear” sensor for PKC_(α), PKC_(α)-S1, are good (Table IV), once used in cell lysates PKC_(α)-S1 is reactive toward many of the PKC isozymes present in cells. In comparison, the chemosensors with the extended recognition domain as disclosed in the present invention for PKC_(α), PKC_(α-S)9 and PKC_(α)-S10, also have good biophysical properties (Table IV). Moreover, these sensors are much more selective for PKC_(α) as is determined by obtaining kinetic parameters (Table V), and thus will be able to offer more specificity in cellular assays.

TABLE IV Sequences, K_(D) values and fluorescence increases of PKC peptides. Fluorescence Peptides −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 K_(D) (mM) Increase PKC_(α)-S1(P1) Ac-Sox P G (p)S F R R R-NH₂ 12 5.7 x PKC_(α)-S9(P9) Ac-R R R C(Sox) G (p)S F R R K A-NH₂ 47 3.5 x PKC_(α)-S10(P10) Ac-R R R C(Sox) A (p)S F R R K A-NH₂ 24 3.9 x

TABLE V Kinetic parameters of the peptides with PKC_(α). V_(max) V_(max)/K_(M) Peptides −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 K_(M) (μM) (μmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹) (min⁻¹ mg⁻¹) PKC_(α)-S1(P1) Ac-   Sox P G (p)S F R R K A-NH₂ 8.6 ± 2.9 5.9 ± 1.9  6200 PKC_(α)-S9(P9) Ac-R R R C(Sox) G (p)S F R R K A-NH₂ 0.093 ± 0.017 1.8 ± 0.12 160000 PKC_(α)-S10(P10) Ac-R R R C(Sox) A (p)S F R R K A-NH₂  0.12 ± 0.018 2.2 ± 0.25 149000

The Cross-Reactivity of the Sox Peptide:

With the kinetic parameters at hand it is possible to test the cross-reactivity of PKC_(α)-S10 with PKC isozymes. In 12 separate reactions PKC_(α)-S10 (1 μM) is subjected to phosphorylation with PKC_(α), PKC_(βI), PKC_(βII), PKC_(γ), PKC_(δ), PKC_(ε), PKC_(ζ), PKC_(η), PKC_(θ), PKC_(ι), PKC_(μ) and PKC_(ν) (2 ng). Under these conditions PKC_(βI) and PKC_(θ) are slightly more active than PKC_(α), whereas PKC_(βII) and PKC_(γ) have comparable activities to that of PKC_(α). On the other hand, no activity is observed with PKC_(δ), PKC_(μ), and PKC_(ν), and very little activity is detected with PKC_(ε), PKC_(ζ), PKC_(η) and PKC_(ι) (FIG. 3).

It is shown that 3 isozymes do not carry out the reaction on PKC_(α)-S10 and that an additional 4 are only slightly active. Therefore, only 4 of 11 isozymes (not including PKC_(α)) are able to perform phosphorylation as well or slightly better than PKC_(α). This trend has been seen previously in the literature. Cantley et al. determined K_(M) values of a similar peptide to PKC_(α)-S10 with PKC_(α), PKC_(βI), PKC_(δ), PKC_(ζ) and PKC_(μ) showing that while PKC_(α) has the lowest K_(M), the substrate is accepted almost as well by all isozymes but PKC_(μ). This is not surprising since these isozymes will have substrates that are very similar. This approach with the extended recognition domain as disclosed in the present invention allows for synthesis of substrates specific for certain PKC isozymes without soliciting phosphorylation from any of the other ones.

While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, other features may be included without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention. 

1. A compound of the formula (I):

where R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group, or —SO₂X; or where R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms which they substitute form a 5- or 6-membered ring; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (I); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein at least one of R², R³ or R⁴ is —SO₂X and at least another one of R², R³ or R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.
 2. The compound of claim 1, which has the formula (II):

where R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (II); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein at least one R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.
 3. The compound of claim 1, which has the formula (III):

where each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (III); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein at least one R⁴ is —SO₂X and at least another R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.
 4. The compound of claim 1, which has the formula (IV):

where each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (IV); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein at least one R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms which they substitute form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring.
 6. The compound of claim 1, which has the formula (V):

where Z is —CH— or —N—; R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (V); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein at least one R⁴ is —SO₂X.
 7. The compound of claim 1, which has the formula (VI):

where Z is —CH— or —N—; R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (VI); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or
 7. 8. The compound of claim 1, which has the formula (VII):

where Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; and R′ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the electron-withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, —NR′R″, —OR^(i), —SR^(i), —CN, —NO₂, ═O, —OC(O)R^(i), —C(O)R^(i), —C(O)NR^(i)R^(ii), —OC(O)NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(ii)C(O)R^(i), —NR^(i)C(O)NR^(iii)R^(ii), —CO₂R^(i), —NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(ii)CO₂R^(i), —SR^(i), —S(O)R^(i), —S(O)₂R^(i), —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(ii), unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, wherein R^(i), R^(ii) and R^(iii) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 10. A compound of the formula (VIII):

where R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group, or —SO₂X; or where R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms which they substitute form a 5- or 6-membered ring; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (VIII); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; R⁵ is hydrogen or —NR′R″; R⁶ is —OH, —NR′R″, or —H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; p is 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein at least one of R², R³ or R⁴ is —SO₂X and at least another one of R², R³ or R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.
 11. The compound of claim 10, which has the formula (IX):

where each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (IX); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; p is 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein at least one R⁴ is an electron-withdrawing group.
 12. The compound of claim 10, wherein R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms which they substitute form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring.
 13. The compound of claim 10, which has the formula (X):

where Z is —CH— or —N—; R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (X); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; R⁵ is hydrogen or —NR′R′″; R⁶ is —OH, —NR′R″, or —H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; p is 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein at least one R⁴ is —SO₂X.
 14. The compound of claim 10, which has the formula (XI):

where Z is —CH— or —N—; R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (XI); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; R⁵ is hydrogen or —NR′R′″; R⁶ is —OH, —NR′R″, or —H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; p is 1, 2 or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or
 7. 15. The compound of claim 10, which has the formula (XII):

where R′″ hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; and p is 1, 2 or
 3. 16. The compound of claim 10, wherein the electron-withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, —NR^(i)R^(ii), —OR^(i), —SR^(i), —CN, —NO₂, ═O, —OC(O)R^(i), —C(O)R^(i), —C(O)NR′R″, —OC(O)NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(ii)C(O)R^(i), —NR^(i)C(O)NR^(iii)R^(ii), —CO₂R^(i), —NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(ii)CO₂R^(i), —SR^(i), —S(O)R^(i), —S(O)₂R^(i), —S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(ii), —NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(ii), unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl, wherein R^(i), R^(ii) and R^(iii) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 17. A peptide comprising an amino acid residue, the side chain of the amino acid residue modified with a compound of formula (I):

where R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group, or —SO₂X; or where R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms which they substitute form a 5- or 6-membered ring; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (I); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein at least one of R², R³ or R⁴ is —SO₂X and at least another one of R², R³ or R⁴ is an electron withdrawing group.
 18. The peptide of claim 17, further comprising a kinase recognition sequence.
 19. The peptide of claim 17, further comprising two kinase recognition sequences.
 20. A method for detecting kinase activity comprising: (a) providing a peptide comprising an amino acid residue, the side chain of the amino acid residue modified with a compound of formula (I):

where R¹ is hydroxy, amino, or thiol; R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group, or —SO₂X; or where R² and R³ together with the carbon atoms which they substitute form a 5- or 6-membered ring; each R⁴ is independently hydrogen, an electron-withdrawing group or —SO₂X, wherein R⁴ can substitute any open valence of any ring within structure (I); X is —OR′ or —NR′R″; Y is halogen, —SH, —NR′R′″, —CHO, or —CO₂H; R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R′″ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, tBoc or Fmoc; n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein at least one of R², R³ or R⁴ is —SO₂X and at least another one of R², R³ or R⁴ is an electron withdrawing group; (b) contacting the peptide with a sample comprising Mg²⁺, a phosphate source, and a kinase; and (c) analyzing for the presence of a phosphorylated peptide product. 